42. The authority is decentralized in which leadership style

A. positive style
B. negative style
C. autocratic style
D. democratic style
✅ The correct answer is option D.
The authority is decentralized in democratic leadership style. Democratic leadership, also known as participative leadership or shared leadership, is a type of leadership style in which members of the group take a more participative role in the decision-making process.

472. ___________ are the only service distributors which do not require direct human interactions.

A. Electronic channels
B. SST’s
C. Direct Service channels
D. Speculative channels
✅ The correct answer is option A.
Electronic channels are the only service distributors which do not require direct human interactions. Electronic channels overcome some of the problems associated with service inseparability and allow a form of standardisation not previously possible in most services.

41. Informal communication is commonly known as

A. downward communication
B. upward communication
C. horizontal communication
D. grapevine
✅ The correct answer is option D.
Informal communication is commonly known as grapevine. Grapevine communication is informal workplace dialogue in its purest form: it is characterized by conversations between employees and superiors that do not follow any prescribed structure or rule-based system. Grapevine communication spreads rapidly and likely touches each person throughout the organization.

466. If the aim of the promotion to introduce a new consumer product is to achieve high awareness levels, the firm will most likely make heavy use of _______ in the promotional mix.

A. Advertising
B. Sales promotion
C. Personal selling
D. Publicity
✅ The correct answer is option A.
If the aim of the promotion to introduce a new consumer product is to achieve high awareness levels, the firm will most likely make heavy use of advertising in the promotional mix. The promotional mix is one of the 4 Ps of the marketing mix. It consists of public relations, advertising, sales promotion and personal selling.

463. Marketing managers should adapt the marketing mix to ______________ and constantly monitor value changes and differences in both domestic and global markets.

A. Sales strategies
B. Marketing concepts
C. Cultural values
D. Brand images
✅ The correct answer is option C.
Marketing managers should adapt the marketing mix to Cultural values and constantly monitor value changes and differences in both domestic and global markets. Subcultures arise when population loses a significant amount of its homogeneity
subcultures are based on geographic areas, religions, nationalities, ethnic groups and age.

457. According to Schein (1985), what are the levels that make up a company’s culture?

A. Artifacts, values, underlying assumptions, and behaviors
B. Artifacts, values, and underlying assumptions
C. Artifacts, communications, underlying assumptions, and behaviors
D. Values, communications, and underlying assumptions
✅ The correct answer is option A.
According to Schein (1985), Artifacts, values, underlying assumptions, and behaviors are the levels that make up a company’s culture. The first level is the characteristics of the organization which can be easily viewed, heard and felt by individuals collectively known as artifacts. The dress code of the employees, office furniture, facilities, behavior of the employees, mission and vision of the organization all come under artifacts and go a long way in deciding the culture of the workplace. The next level according to Schein which constitute the organization culture is the values of the employees. The values of the individuals working in the organization play an important role in deciding the organization culture. The thought process and attitude of employees have deep impact on the culture of any particular organization. What people actually think matters a lot for the organization? The mindset of the individual associated with any particular organization influences the culture of the workplace. The third level is the assumed values of the employees which can’t be measured but do make a difference to the culture of the organization. There are certain beliefs and facts which stay hidden but do affect the culture of the organization. The inner aspects of human nature come under the third level of organization culture. Organizations where female workers dominate their male counterparts do not believe in late sittings as females are not very comfortable with such kind of culture. Male employees on the other hand would be more aggressive and would not have any problems with late sittings. The organizations follow certain practices which are not discussed often but understood on their own. Such rules form the third level of the organization culture.

455. Formula to calculate contribution margin is

A. revenue – all variable cost
B. revenue + all variable cost
C. cost + revenue
D. revenue – breakeven units
✅ The correct answer is option A.
Formula to calculate contribution margin is revenue – all variable cost. Also known as dollar contribution per unit, the measure indicates how a particular product contributes to the overall profit of the company.