41. Informal communication is commonly known as

A. downward communication
B. upward communication
C. horizontal communication
D. grapevine
✅ The correct answer is option D.
Informal communication is commonly known as grapevine. Grapevine communication is informal workplace dialogue in its purest form: it is characterized by conversations between employees and superiors that do not follow any prescribed structure or rule-based system. Grapevine communication spreads rapidly and likely touches each person throughout the organization.

42. The authority is decentralized in which leadership style

A. positive style
B. negative style
C. autocratic style
D. democratic style
✅ The correct answer is option D.
The authority is decentralized in democratic leadership style. Democratic leadership, also known as participative leadership or shared leadership, is a type of leadership style in which members of the group take a more participative role in the decision-making process.

43. Management By Objectives was introduced by __________.

A. Taylor
B. Elton Mayo
C. Peter Drucker
D. Maslow
✅ The correct answer is option C.
Management By Objectives was introduced by Peter Drucker. The essence of Peter Drucker ‘s basic principle: Management By Objectives is to determine joint objectives and to provide feedback on the results. Setting challenging but attainable objectives promotes motivation and empowerment of employees.

45. Father of scientific management

A. Henry fayol
B. Fw Taylor
C. Peter drucker
D. weber
✅ The correct answer is option B.
Fw Taylor is the father of scientific management. Taylor’s principal concern was that of increasing efficiency in production, not only to lower costs and raise profits but also to make possible increased pay for workers through their higher productivity.

46. Self-confidence, independence, achievements, knowledge, status, recognition and appreciation examples of

A. safety needs
B. social needs
C. ego needs
D. self-actualisation needs
✅ The correct answer is option C.
Self-confidence, independence, achievements, knowledge, status, recognition and appreciation examples of ego needs. The term ego has shifted over time. It is the conscious awareness of self and what needs to happen in order for the self (Identity) to survive.

47. The leader hold his leadership because he is loyal to his followers is

A. autocratic style
B. democratic style
C. free-rein style
D. creative style
✅ The correct answer is option B.
The leader hold his leadership because he is loyal to his followers is democratic style. Democratic leadership, also known as participative leadership or shared leadership, is a type of leadership style in which members of the group take a more participative role in the decision-making process.

48. When an individual or a group agrees to work under the direction of an informal leader is called ________.

A. formal delegation
B. informal delegation
C. general delegation
D. specific delegation
✅ The correct answer is option B.
When an individual or a group agrees to work under the direction of an informal leader is called informal delegation. Informal delegation does not arise due to position but according to circumstances.

49. The leader makes decisions in consultation with his followers is _________.

A. autocratic style
B. liberal leader
C. democratic leader
D. institutional leader
✅ The correct answer is option C.
The leader makes decisions in consultation with his followers is democratic leader. A democratic leader is one who takes decisions in consultation with his subordinates. He emphasises consultation with and participation of his subordinates and encourages initiative from them. He also seeks their advice and opinions on matters which affect them and their jobs.

50. Complete installation of computer within 3 months is an example of

A. rules
B. programme
C. project
D. schedule
✅ The correct answer is option D.
Complete installation of computer within 3 months is an example of schedule. Schedule management is the process of developing, maintaining and communicating schedules for time and resource. A schedule is the timetable for a project, programme or portfolio.