According to Rankine’s theory, the failure occurs at a point in a member

when the maximum shear stress in a bi-axial stress system reaches the shear stress at elastic limit in a simple tension test
when the maximum principal stress in a bi-axial stress system reaches the elastic limit of the material in a simple tension test
when the strain energy per unit volume in a bi-axial stress system reaches the strain energy at the elastic limit per unit volume as determined from a simple tension test
when the maximum princ
✅ The correct answer is option B.

An open coiled helical compression spring ‘A’ of mean diameter 50 mm is subjected to an axial load W. Another spring ‘B’ of mean diameter 25 mm is similar to spring ‘A’ in all respects. The deflection of spring ‘B’ will be __________ as compared to spring ‘A’.

one-eighth
one-fourth
one-half
double
✅ The correct answer is option A.

The length AB of a pipe ABC in which the liquid is flowing has diameter (d1) and is suddenly contracted to diameter (d2) at B which is constant for the length BC. The loss of head due to sudden contraction, assuming coefficient of contraction as 0.62, is

✅ The correct answer is option D.