According to I.B.R., when the thickness of boiler shell (t) is greater than 8 mm, then the diameter of rivet hole (d) is obtained by

equating tearing resistance of the plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets
equating tearing resistance of the plate to the crushing resistance of the rivets
equating shearing resistance to the crushing resistance of the rivets
none of the above
✅ The correct answer is option D.

Whenever a plate is held immersed at some angle with the direction of flow of the liquid, it is subjected to some pressure. The component of this pressure, in the direction of flow of the liquid, is known as

lift
drag
stagnation pressure
bulk modulus
✅ The correct answer is option B.