____ information system planning us the last stage of the planning process.

A. Tactical
B. Strategic
C. Architecture
D. Processed
✅ The correct answer is option A.
Tactical information system planning us the last stage of the planning process. Tactical information systems (TIS) are a subset of DSS that replicate a user’s decision making process rather than merely model or support that process. They are capable of extrapolating solu- tions that the decision maker did not anticipate and explicitly include in the system.

In a company ______ is the centre which consists of all processing activities.

A. Data
B. Production
C. Information
D. Sales
✅ The correct answer is option A.
In a company data is the centre which consists of all processing activities. Data is distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a special way. Since the mid-1900s, people have used the word data to mean computer information that is transmitted or stored. Strictly speaking, data is the plural of datum, a single piece of information.

The flow of information through MIS is ______________.

A. Need dependent
B. Organization dependent
C. Information dependent
D. Management dependent
✅ The correct answer is option A.
The flow of information through MIS is Need dependent. MIS is the use of information technology, people, and business processes to record, store and process data to produce information that decision makers can use to make day to day decisions. MIS is the acronym for Management Information Systems.

_________________ is an area of philosophy concerned with developing ethical principles and promoting ethical behavior and practices in the accomplishment of business tasks and decision making.

A. Business Ethics
B. Behavioral stage
C. Ethical values
D. Equity
✅ The correct answer is option A.
Business Ethics is an area of philosophy concerned with developing ethical principles and promoting ethical behavior and practices in the accomplishment of business tasks and decision making. Business ethics is the study of appropriate business policies and practices regarding potentially controversial subjects including corporate governance, insider trading, bribery, discrimination, corporate social responsibility, and fiduciary responsibilities.

Common threats against information systems come from all of the following factors except ___________________.

A. Technical
B. Organizational
C. Governmental
D. Environmental
✅ The correct answer is option C.
Common threats against information systems come from all of the following factors except Governmental. In Information Security threats can be many like Software attacks, theft of intellectual property, identity theft, theft of equipment or information, sabotage, and information extortion.

A _______ evaluation process reduces the possibility of buying inadequate hardware.

A. Stable
B. Formal
C. Unstable
D. Informal
✅ The correct answer is option B.
A Formal evaluation process reduces the possibility of buying inadequate hardware. A formal evaluation is a written list and summary of an employee’s performance. It is an opportunity for a manager and employee to go over the strengths and weaknesses of work performance. During the formal evaluation there should be no surprises, as communication between a manager and an employee should be ongoing.

________ keeps tracks of data concerning purchase from and payments to suppliers.

A. Inventory control
B. Accounts payable
C. Payroll
D. Accounts receivable
✅ The correct answer is option B.
Accounts payable keeps tracks of data concerning purchase from and payments to suppliers. Accounts Payable is a liability due to a particular creditor when it order goods or services without paying in cash up front, which means that you bought goods on credit.

A supply strategy in which components arrive exactly at the moment they are needed is called _________________.

A. Bullwhip effect
B. Demand planning
C. Just-in-time
D. Pull-based model
✅ The correct answer is option C.
A supply strategy in which components arrive exactly at the moment they are needed is called Just-in-time. Just-In-Time services involve the process of producing and delivering finished goods at the time they are required for sale, partly finished goods at the time needed for assembly into finished goods, parts and components required for partly finished goods, or materials that are needed to be made into those parts.

The back bone of any organization is ____________.

A. Information
B. Employee
C. Management
D. Capital
✅ The correct answer is option B.
The back bone of any organization is Employee. Employees are the backbone of any organization, and as you might expect, studies show that happy employees are more motivated, productive and committed and as you might expect, studies show that happy employees are more motivated, productive and committed.

________ system can process data that are incomplete

A. Random
B. Neural
C. Fuzzy logic
D. Cognitive
✅ The correct answer is option C.
Fuzzy logic system can process data that are incomplete. Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth values of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1 both inclusive. It is employed to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false.