The heat transfer by conduction through a thick cylinder(Q) is given by (where T1 = Higher temperature, T2 = Lower temperature, r1 = Inside radius, r2 = Outside radius, l = Length of cylinder, and k = Thermal conductivity)

✅ The correct answer is option A.

The process of undercooling is generally brought about by

circulating more quantity of cooling water through the condenser
using water colder than the main circulating water
employing a heat exchanger
any one of the above
✅ The correct answer is option D.